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TITLE 40 - PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER I - ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SUBCHAPTER D - WATER PROGRAMS
PART 141 - NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
subpart o - CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS
Appendix A to Subpart O of Part 141 - Regulated Contaminants
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Traditional MCL To convert for Major sources in Health effects Contaminant (units) in mg/L CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG drinking water language -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Microbiological contaminants: Total Coliform Bacteria.... MCL: (systems ................. MCL: (systems 0................. Naturally present in Coliforms are that collect that collect the environment. bacteria that are >=40 samples/ >=40 samples/ naturally present month) 5% of month) 5% of in the environment monthly samples monthly samples and are used as an are positive; are positive; indicator that (systems that (systems that other, potentially- collect <40 collect <40 harmful, bacteria samples/month) 1 samples/month) 1 may be present.
positive monthly positive monthly Coliforms were sample. sample. found in more samples than allowed and this was a warning of potential problems.
Fecal coliform and E. coli. 0................ ................. 0................ 0................. Human and animal Fecal coliforms and fecal waste. E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes.
Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely- compromised immune systems.
Total organic carbon (ppm). TT............... ................. TT............... N/A............... Naturally present in Total organic carbon the environment. (TOC) has no health effects. However, total organic carbon provides a medium for the formation of disinfection by products. These byproducts include trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Drinking water containing these byproducts in excess of the MCL may lead to adverse health effects, liver or kidney problems, or nervous system effects, and may lead to an increased risk of getting cancer.
Turbidity (NTU)............ TT............... ................. TT............... N/A............... Soil runoff......... Turbidity has no health effects.
However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease- causing organisms.
These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea and associated headaches.
Radioactive contaminants: Beta/photon emitters (mrem/ 4 mrem/yr........ -................ 4................ 0................. Decay of natural and Certain minerals are yr). man-made deposits. radioactive and may emit forms of radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water containing beta particle and photon radioactivity in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Alpha emitters (pCi/L)..... 15 pCi/L......... -................ 15............... 0................. Erosion of natural Certain minerals are deposits. radioactive and may emit a form of radiation known as alpha radiation.
Some people who drink water containing alpha emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Combined radium (pCi/L).... 5 pCi/L.......... -................ 5................ 0................. Erosion of natural Some people who deposits. drink water containing radium- 226 or -228 in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Uranium (pCi/L)............ 30 g/L.... -................ 30............... 0................. Erosion of natural Some people who deposits. drink water containing uranium in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer and kidney toxicity.
Inorganic contaminants: Antimony (ppb)............. .006............. 1000............. 6................ 6................. Discharge from Some people who petroleum drink water refineries; fire containing antimony retardants; well in excess of ceramics; the MCL over many electronics; solder. years could experience increases in blood cholesterol and decreases in blood sugar.
Arsenic (ppb).............. \1\ 0.010........ 1000............. \1\ 10........... \1\ 0............. Erosion of natural Some people who deposits; Runoff drink water from orchards; containing arsenic Runoff from glass in excess of the and electronics MCL over many years production wastes. could experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Asbestos (MFL)............. 7 MFL............ ................. 7................ 7................. Decay of asbestos Some people who cement water mains; drink water Erosion of natural containing asbestos deposits. in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps.
Barium (ppm)............... 2................ ................. 2................ 2................. Discharge of Some people who drilling wastes; drink water Discharge from containing barium metal refineries; in excess of the Erosion of natural MCL over many years deposits. could experience an increase in their blood pressure.
Beryllium (ppb)............ .004............. 1000............. 4................ 4................. Discharge from metal Some people who refineries and coal- drink water burning factories; containing Discharge from beryllium well in electrical, excess of the MCL aerospace, and over many years defense industries. could develop intestinal lesions Bromate (ppb).............. .010............. 1000............. 10............... 0................. By-product of Some people who drinkig water drink water of disinfection. containing bromate in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Cadmium (ppb).............. .005............. 1000............. 5................ 5................. Corrosion of Some people who galvanized pipes; drink water Erosion of natural containing cadmium deposits; Discharge in excess of the from metal MCL over many years refineries; Runoff could experience from waste kidney damage.
batteries and paints.
Chloramines (ppm).......... MRDL=4........... ................. MRDL=4........... MRDLG=4........... Water additive used Some people who use to control microbes. water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort or anemia.
Chlorine (ppm)............. MRDL=4........... ................. MRDL=4........... MRDLG=4........... Water additive used Some people who use to control microbes. water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort.
Chlorine dioxide (ppb)..... MRDL=.8.......... 1000............. MRDL=800......... MRDLG=800......... Water additive used Some infants and to control micorbes. young children who drink water chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia.
Chlorite (ppm)............. 1................ ................. 1................ 0.8............... By-product of Some infants and drinking water young children who disinfection. drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL could experience nervous system effects.
Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL. Some people may experience anemia.
Chromium (ppb)............. .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Discharge from steel Some people who use and pulp mills; water containing Erosion of natural chromium well in deposits. excess of the MCL over many years could experience allergic dermatitis.
Copper (ppm)............... AL=1.3........... ................. AL=1.3........... 1.3............... Corrosion of Copper is an household plumbing essential nutrient, systems; Erosion of but some people who natural deposits. drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over a relatively short amount of time could experience gastrointestinal distress. Some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over many years could suffer liver or kidney damage.
People with Wilson's disease should consult their personal doctor.
Cyanide (ppb).............. .2............... 1000............. 200.............. 200............... Discharge from steel/ Some people who metal factories; drink water Discharge from containing cyanide plastic and well in excess of fertilizer the MCL over many factories. years could experience nerve damage or problems with their thyroid.
Fluoride (ppm)............. 4................ ................. 4................ 4................. Erosion of natural Some people who deposits; Water drink water additive which containing fluoride promotes strong in excess of the teeth; Discharge MCL over many years from fertilizer and could get bone aluminum factories. disease, including pain and tenderness of the bones.
Fluoride in drinking water at half the MCL or more may cause mottling of children's teeth, usually in children less than nine years old.
Mottling, also known as dental fluorosis, may include brown staining and/or pitting of the teeth, and occurs only in developing teeth before they erupt from the gums.
Lead (ppb)................. AL=.015.......... 1000............. AL=15............ 0................. Corrosion of Infants and children household plumbing who drink water systems; Erosion of containing lead in natural deposits. excess of the action level could experience delays in their physical or mental development.
Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities.
Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure.
Mercury [inorganic] (ppb).. .002............. 1000............. 2................ 2................. Erosion of natural Some people who deposits; Dis drink water charge from containing refineries and inorganic mercury factories; Runoff well in excess of from landfills; the MCL over many Runoff from years could cropland. experience kidney damage.
Nitrate (ppm).............. 10............... ................. 10............... 10................ Runoff from Infants below the fertilizer use; age of six months Leaching from who drink water septic tanks, sew containing nitrate age; Erosion of in excess of the natural deposits. MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome.
Nitrite (ppm).............. 1................ ................. 1................ 1................. Runoff from Infants below the fertilizer use; age of six months Leaching from who drink water septic tanks, sew containing nitrite age; Erosion of in excess of the natural deposits. MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome.
Selenium (ppb)............. .05.............. 1000............. 50............... 50................ Discharge from Selenium is an petroleum and metal essential nutrient.
refineries; Erosion However, some of natural people who drink deposits; Discharge water containing from mines. selenium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair or fingernail losses, numbness in fingers or toes, or problems with their circulation.
Thallium (ppb)............. .002............. 1000............. 2................ 0.5............... Leaching from ore- Some people who processing sites; drink water Discharge from containing thallium electronics, glass, in excess of the and drug factories. MCL over many years could experience hair loss, changes in their blood, or problems with their kidneys, intestines, or liver.
Synthetic organic contaminants including pesticides and herbicides: 2,4-D (ppb)................ .07.............. 1000............. 70............... 70................ Runoff from Some people who herbicide used on drink water row crops. containing the weed killer 2,4-D well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys, liver, or adrenal glands.
2,4,5-TP [Silvex](ppb)..... .05.............. 1000............. 50............... 50................ Residue of banned Some people who herbicide. drink water containing silvex in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems.
Acrylamide................. TT............... ................. TT............... 0................. Added to water Some people who during sewage/ drink water wastewater containing high treatment. levels of acrylamide over a long period of time could have problems with their nervous system or blood, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Alachlor (ppb)............. .002............. 1000............. 2................ 0................. Runoff from Some people who herbicide used on drink water row crops. containing alachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their eyes, liver, kidneys, or spleen, or experience anemia, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Atrazine (ppb)............. .003............. 1000............. 3................ 3................. Runoff from Some people who herbicide used on drink water row crops. containing atrazine well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their cardiovascular system or reproductive difficulties.
Benzo(a)pyrene [PAH] .0002............ 1,000,000........ 200.............. 0................. Leaching from Some people who (nanograms/l). linings of water drink water storage tanks and containing distribution lines. benzo(a)pyrene in excess of the MCL over many years may experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Carbofuran (ppb)........... .04.............. 1000............. 40............... 40................ Leaching of soil Some people who fumigant used on drink water rice and alfalfa. containing carbofuran in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood, or nervous or reproductive systems.
Chlordane (ppb)............ .002............. 1000............. 2................ 0................. Residue of banned Some people who termiticide. drink water containing chlordane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or nervous system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Dalapon (ppb).............. .2............... 1000............. 200.............. 200............... Runoff from Some people who herbicide used on drink water rights of way. containing dalapon well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience minor kidney changes.
Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate .4............... 1000............. 400.............. 400............... Discharge from Some people who (ppb). chemical factories. drink water containing di(2- ethylhexyl) adipate well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience toxic effects such as weight loss, liver enlargement or possible reproductive difficulties.
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate .006............. 1000............. 6................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who (ppb). rubber and chemical drink water factories. containing di(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate well in excess of the MCL over many years may have problems with their liver, or experience reproductive difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Dibromochloropropane (ppt). .0002............ 1,000,000........ 200.............. 0................. Runoff/leaching from Some people who soil fumigant used drink water on soybeans, containing DBCP in cotton, pineapples, excess of the MCL and orchards. over many years could experience reproductive problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Dinoseb (ppb).............. .007............. 1000............. 7................ 7................. Runoff from Some people who herbicide used on drink water soybeans and containing dinoseb vegetables. well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties.
Diquat (ppb)............... .02.............. 1000............. 20............... 20................ Runoff from Some people who herbicide use. drink water containing diquat in excess of the MCL over many years could get cataracts.
Dioxin [2,3,7,8-TCDD] (ppq) .00000003........ 1,000,000, 000... 30............... 0................. Emissions from waste Some people who incineration and drink water other combustion; containing dioxin Discharge from in excess of the chemical factories. MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Endothall (ppb)............ .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Runoff from Some people who herbicide use. drink water containing endothall in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or intestines.
Endrin (ppb)............... .002............. 1000............. 2................ 2................. Residue of banned Some people who insecticide. drink water containing endrin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems.
Epichlorohydrin............ TT............... ................. TT............... 0................. Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories; An containing high impurity of some levels of water treatment epichlorohydrin chemicals. over a long period of time could experience stomach problems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Ethylene dibromide (ppt)... .00005........... 1,000,000........ 50............... 0................. Discharge from Some people who petroleum drink water refineries. containing ethylene dibromide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Glyphosate (ppb)........... .7............... 1000............. 700.............. 700............... Runoff from Some people who herbicide use. drink water containing glyphosate in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or reproductive difficulties.
Heptachlor (ppt)........... .0004............ 1,000,000........ 400.............. 0................. Residue of banned Some people who pesticide. drink water containing heptachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Heptachlor epoxide (ppt)... .0002............ 1,000,000........ 200.............. 0................. Breakdown of Some people who heptachlor. drink water containing heptachlor epoxide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Hexachlorobenzene (ppb).... .001............. 1000............. 1................ 0................. Discharge from metal Some people who refineries and drink water agricultural containing chemical factories. hexachlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, or adverse reproductive effects, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene .05.............. 1000............. 50............... 50................ Discharge from Some people who (ppb). chemical factories. drink water containing hexachlorocyclopent adiene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or stomach.
Lindane (ppt).............. .0002............ 1,000,000........ 200.............. 200............... Runoff/leaching from Some people who insecticide used on drink water cattle, lumber, containing lindane gardens. in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or liver.
Methoxychlor (ppb)......... .04.............. 1000............. 40............... 40................ Runoff/leaching from Some people who insecticide used on drink water fruits, vegetables, containing alfalfa, livestock. methoxychlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties.
Oxamyl [Vydate] (ppb)...... .2............... 1000............. 200.............. 200............... Runoff/leaching from Some people who insecticide used on drink water apples, potatoes containing oxamyl and tomatoes. in excess of the MCL over many years could experience slight nervous system effects.
PCBs [Polychlorinated .0005............ 1,000,000........ 500.............. 0................. Runoff from Some people who biphenyls] (ppt). landfills; drink water Discharge of waste containing PCBs in chemicals. excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their skin, problems with their thymus gland, immune deficiencies, or reproductive or nervous system difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Pentachlorophenol (ppb).... .001............. 1000............. 1................ 0................. Discharge from wood Some people who preserving drink water factories. containing pentachlorophenol in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Picloram (ppb)............. .5............... 1000............. 500.............. 500............... Herbicide runoff.... Some people who drink water containing picloram in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
Simazine (ppb)............. .004............. 1000............. 4................ 4................. Herbicide runoff.... Some people who drink water containing simazine in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood.
Toxaphene (ppb)............ .003............. 1000............. 3................ 0................. Runoff/leaching from Some people who insecticide used on drink water cotton and cattle. containing toxaphene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their kidneys, liver, or thyroid, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Volatile organic contaminants: Benzene (ppb).............. .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who factories; Leaching drink water from gas storage containing benzene tanks and landfills. in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia or a decrease in blood platelets, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Carbon tetrachloride (ppb). .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who chemical plants and drink water other industrial containing carbon activities. tetrachloride in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Chlorobenzene (ppb)........ .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Discharge from Some people who chemical and drink water agricultural containing chemical factories. chlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys.
o-Dichlorobenzene (ppb).... .6............... 1000............. 600.............. 600............... Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories. containing o- dichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory systems.
p-Dichlorobenzene (ppb).... .075............. 1000............. 75............... 75................ Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories. containing p- dichlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia, damage to their liver, kidneys, or spleen, or changes in their blood.
1,2-Dichloroethane (ppb)... .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories. containing 1,2- dichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
1,1-Dichloroethylene (ppb). .007............. 1000............. 7................ 7................. Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories. containing 1,1- dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene .07.............. 1000............. 70............... 70................ Discharge from Some people who (ppb). industrial chemical drink water factories. containing cis-1,2- dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Discharge from Some people who (ppb). industrial chemical drink water factories. containing trans- 1,2- dichloroethylene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
Dichloromethane (ppb)...... .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who pharmaceutical and drink water chemical factories. containing dichloromethane in excess of the MCL over many years could have liver problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
1,2-Dichloropropane (ppb).. .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories. containing 1,2- dichloropropane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Ethylbenzene (ppb)......... .7............... 1000............. 700.............. 700............... Discharge from Some people who petroleum drink water refineries. containing ethylbenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys.
Haloacetic Acids (HAA) .060............. 1000............. 60............... N/A............... By-product of Some people who (ppb). drinking water drink water disinfection. containing haloacetic acids in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Styrene (ppb).............. .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Discharge from Some people who rubber and plastic drink water factories; Leaching containing styrene from landfills. well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory system.
Tetrachloroethylene (ppb).. .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who factories and dry drink water cleaners. containing tetrachloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene .07.............. 1000............. 70............... 70................ Discharge from Some people who (ppb). textile-finishing drink water factories. containing 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their adrenal glands.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ppb) .2............... 1000............. 200.............. 200............... Discharge from metal Some people who degreasing sites drink water and other factories. containing 1,1,1- trichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, nervous system, or circulatory system.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane (ppb) .005............. 1000............. 5................ 3................. Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories. containing 1,1,2- trichloroethane well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or immune systems.
Trichloroethylene (ppb).... .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from metal Some people who degreasing sites drink water and other factories. containing trichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
TTHMs [Total 0.10/.080........ 1000............. 100/80........... N/A............... By-product of Some people who trihalomethanes] (ppb). drinking water drink water disinfection. containing trihalomethanes in excess of the MCL over many years may experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous systems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Toluene (ppm).............. 1................ ................. 1................ 1................. Discharge from Some people who petroleum factories. drink water containing toluene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their nervous system, kidneys, or liver.
Vinyl Chloride (ppb)....... .002............. 1000............. 2................ 0................. Leaching from PVC Some people who piping; Discharge drink water from plastics containing vinyl factories. chloride in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Xylenes (ppm).............. 10............... ................. 10............... 10................ Discharge from Some people who petroleum drink water factories; containing xylenes Discharge from in excess of the chemical factories. MCL over many years could experience damage to their nervous system.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ These arsenic values are effective January 23, 2006. Until then, the MCL is 0.05 mg/L and there is no MCLG.
Key: AL=Action Level MCL=Maximum Contaminant Level MCLG=Maximum Contaminant Level Goal MFL=million fibers per liter MRDL=Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level MRDLG=Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal mrem/year=millirems per year (a measure of radiation absorbed by the body) N/A=Not Applicable NTU=Nephelometric Turbidity Units (a measure of water clarity) pCi/l=picocuries per liter (a measure of radioactivity) ppm=parts per million, or milligrams per liter (mg/l) ppb=parts per billion, or micrograms per liter (g/l) ppt=parts per trillion, or nanograms per liter ppq=parts per quadrillion, or picograms per liter TT=Treatment Technique [65 FR 26024, May 4, 2000, as amended at 65 FR 76749, Dec. 7, 2000; 66 FR 7064, Jan. 22, 2001; 67 FR 70855, Nov. 27, 2002; 67 FR 73011, Dec. 9, 2002; 68 FR 14506, Mar. 25, 2003]
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